Understanding different perspectives on the state:

• Liberal Theory
• Neoliberal Theory
• Marxist Theory
• Pluralist Theory
• Post-Colonial Theory
• Feminist Theory

Conceptions of justice with special reference to:

• Rawls Theory of Justice
• Communitarian Critique
• Distributive Justice
• Procedural Justice

Dimensions of equality:

• Social Equality
• Political Equality
• Economic Equality
• Relationship between Equality & Freedom
• Affirmative Action

Understanding rights and their types:

• Meanings & Theories of Rights
• Types of Rights
• Concept of Human Rights
• Civil and Political Rights
• Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Democratic theories and models:

• Classical Theories
• Contemporary Theories
• Representative Democracy
• Participatory Democracy
• Deliberative Democracy

Key concepts in political analysis:

• Concept of Power
• Hegemony
• Ideology
• Legitimacy

Major political ideologies:

• Liberalism
• Socialism
• Marxism
• Fascism
• Gandhism
• Feminism

Traditional and modern Indian thinkers:

• Dharam Shastra
• Artha Shastra
• Buddhist Traditions
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
• Sri Aurobindo
• MK Gandhi
• BR Ambedkar
• MN Roy

Classical and modern Western thinkers:

• Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli
• Hobbes, Locke, JS Mill
• Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt

• Constitutionalism to Mass Satyagraha
• Non-Cooperation Movement
• Civil Disobedience Movement
• Militant & Revolutionary Movements
• Peasants & Workers Movements

• Liberal Perspective
• Socialist Perspective
• Marxist Perspective
• Radical Humanist Perspective
• Dalit Perspective

Understanding the constitutional legacy:

• Government of India Acts
• Constitutional Development
• Parliamentary System
• Federal Structure

Various viewpoints in constitution making:

• Gandhian Perspective
• Ambedkar's Vision
• Nehru's Approach
• Socialist Influences

• Preamble
• Fundamental Rights
• Directive Principles
• Parliamentary System
• Amendment Procedure
• Judicial Review
• Basic Structure Doctrine

• Executive
• Legislature
• Judiciary

Understanding the gap between constitutional intent and reality:

• Executive Dominance
• Legislative Effectiveness
• Judicial Activism

Panchayati Raj & Municipalities:

• Significance of 73rd & 74th CAA 1992
• Grassroot Movements
• Local Governance

• Election Commission
• Comptroller and Auditor General
• Finance Commission
• UPSC
• National Commissions (SC, ST, BC)
• National Commission for Women
• National Human Rights Commission

Understanding federal structure:

• Division of Powers
• Concurrent List
• Financial Relations
• Emergency Provisions

• Cooperative Federalism
• Competitive Federalism
• Fiscal Federalism
• Political Federalism

• Regional Movements
• State Reorganization
• Autonomy Demands
• Secessionist Movements

• Water Disputes
• Boundary Disputes
• Resource Sharing
• Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

• Nehru's Vision of Development
• Gandhi's Village Swaraj
• Mixed Economy Model
• Self-Reliance

• Five Year Plans
• Planning Commission
• Public Sector Enterprises
• Commanding Heights

• Agricultural Modernization
• Food Security
• Rural Development
• Environmental Impact

• Abolition of Zamindari
• Tenancy Reforms
• Ceiling on Land Holdings
• Agrarian Movements

• New Economic Policy 1991
• Liberalization
• Privatization
• Globalization

• Congress Party
• BJP
• Regional Parties
• Party System Evolution

• Ideological Spectrum
• Caste-based Parties
• Religion-based Parties
• Class-based Parties

• Multi-party System
• Coalition Governments
• Alliance Politics
• Stability Issues

• Business Groups
• Trade Unions
• Professional Associations
• Interest Groups

• Voting Patterns
• Electoral Reforms
• Representation Issues
• Changing Demographics

• Civil Rights Movement
• Human Rights Organizations
• Legal Aid Movement
• Right to Information

• Feminist Movements
• Women's Rights
• Gender Equality
• Women's Reservation

• Chipko Movement
• Narmada Bachao Andolan
• Environmental Protection
• Sustainable Development

• Caste-based Politics
• Religious Politics
• Ethnic Movements
• Identity Politics